NIRMALAGIRI COLLEGE POLITICAL SCIENCE NOTES

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial body in the country and has jurisdiction over various matters as defined by the Constitution of India. Here are the main areas of jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in India: 1. Constitutional Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review and can interpret the provisions of the Constitution. It can hear cases related to the violation of fundamental rights, constitutional disputes between the Union and the states, disputes between states, and disputes between the Union and the states. 2. Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India. It hears appeals against the judgments and orders of the High Courts, both civil and criminal, in certain cases. It can also hear appeals from various tribunals and other judicial bodies. 3. Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in a limited number of cases. It can hear disputes between the Union and one or more states, or be...

Pressure groups are forms of organisations, which exert pressure on the political or administrative system of a country to extract benefits out of it and to advance their own interests. Economic association: such as chambers of commerce, trade unions. Professional association: such as that of architects, doctors, lawyers. Public interest group (PIG): such as friends of environment who aim to benefit people beyond their membership. Special interest group (SIG): a subgroup formed within the framework of a main group to focus on a very narrow area of interest. Methods of pressure groups lobbying state members and the Parliament via petitions, letters and deputations; consulting with ministers or senior public servants; hiring professional lobbyists; taking legal action through injunctions or appeals to higher courts; campaigning for, or opposing, certain candidates at elections; demonstrating outside Parliament and government offices or marching in the streets; using the industrial muscle...

Political science is a day by day growing subject , It can considered as both a scientific subject as well as Arts subject. Aristotle called political science as master of all social science . Jean bodin is another political scientist who argues political science as a pure science. The main reason for considering political science as science is that  . Experiments and observation can be done . Politcal forecast is possible . Systematic study is possible But in the opinion of Henry thomas buckle and Auguste comte political science can be considered only as Arts subject  . There is no universal definition for concepts in political science . systematic study is not possible since observation and experiment is not accurately done .

    The state has four essential elements. These are: (1) population, (2) territory, (3) government, (4) sovereignty   1. Population: The state is a human institution. So population is its primary element. There is no hard and fast rule about population. The ancient Greek writers like Plato and Aristotle favoured a small population. According to Plato, an ideal state should have a population of 5040. Aristotle laid down a general principle that the population of a state should be large enough to make it sufficient and small enough to make good government possible. It must be remembered that both of them were thinking in terms of small city-states. In modern times, Rousseau, prompted by considerations of direct democracy, fixed the number at 10,000. In modern times states vary greatly from the few thousands of Monaco or of San Marino to the crores of China or of India. The modern tendency is in favour of large states. All that can be said is that a large populatio...

A study of the State and Government: Political Science primarily studies the problems of the State and government. The state is defined as a group of people organised for law within definite territory. The State possesses four characteristics, viz. Population, territory, government and sovereignty. Government is an agent of the State. Political Science studies the activities of the State and explains the aims and objectives of the State and government.  A Study of Political Theory: Political theory is a major branch of Political Science. On the basis of the political ideas or thoughts of political thinkers, political theory formulates definitions or concepts like democracy, liberty, equality, grounds of political obligation, etc.   A Study of Political Institutions: The field of Political Science is rather vast. It includes the study of political institutions. This covers a study of constitutions and comparative government, explains their merits and demerits, their struct...

  political culture , in  political science , a set of shared views and normative judgments held by a population regarding its  political system   American political scientist Lucian Pye defined political culture as the composite of basic values, feelings, and knowledge that underlie the political process. Hence, the building blocks of political culture are the beliefs, opinions, and emotions of the citizens toward their form of government.   Three pure types of political culture:  parochial , subject, and participant. In a parochial political culture, citizens are only indistinctly aware of the existence of central government. In a subject political culture, citizens see themselves not as participants in the political process but as subjects of the government. In a participant political culture, citizens believe both that they can contribute to the system and that they are affected by it.   A  civic culture  or  civic political culture ...

The marxian Approach provides a theory of social change and scientific philosophy . The main ideas are found in the books such as "Communist Manifesto " and " Das kapital "  Marxian Approach is also known as Class Approach because it seeks to study politics and society in terms of relations between two economic classes—the haves (Rich) and have-nots (Poor) or the owners and the workers.  According to Marx State is formed as an inevitable consequence of class contradictions , thus state is formed to control the suppressed class by dominant class.   The economic inequality will be reduced only until the emergence of the classless society where there is no state

Political Science and other Social Sciences All social sciences are closely related to one another insofar as each influences the other and is influenced by the other. Political Science as a social science, deals with the political aspect of man’s social life. However, it is closely related to other social sciences such as History, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Ethics, etc. In recent times, the study of social sciences has assumed an interdisciplinary character in the sense that the researchers and students of one specialized social science works in coordination with those of other specialized social sciences.  Political Science and History John Seeley once remarked that, “History without Political Science has no fruit and Political Science without History has no root.” Seeley might have exaggerated the relationship between the two yet there is an intimate relationship between the two social sciences and they borrow heavily from each other. Political science deals with sta...

  Deliberative democracy also called discursive democracy is a type of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision making.  It embraces elements of both consensus decision-making and majority rule.  Deliberative democracy differs from traditional democratic theory in that authentic deliberation, not mere voting, is the primary source of legitimacy for the law making processes. The term "deliberative democracy" was initially devised by Joseph M. Bessette in his 1980 work "Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government." The history of democracy dates back to the Romans and Athens. Deliberation is an approach to decision-making in which citizens consider pertinent facts from various angles, converse with one another to think critically about options before them and increase their perspectives, opinions, and understandings. Elster (1998) defines the notion of deliberative democracy as the process of making collective decisions thro...